By Luciano Zaccara Principal Researcher Download a PDF   Abstract This article argues that the expanding use of self-defense in the Gulf confrontation is increasingly functioning as a permissive narrative rather than a legal constraint. Israeli, U.S., and Iranian actions illustrate how elastic interpretations of imminence, necessity, and proportionality are blurring the boundary between lawful and unlawful force. The paper shows how legally ambiguous retaliation has regionali

Dr. Khalid Al-Khater President, New Ground Research Download a PDF Abstract Persistent instability in the Middle East is frequently regarded as an inherent characteristic of the region. The ongoing war between the US/Israel and Iran further reinforces this perception. In reality, persistent instability is largely a consequence of how the region is framed, managed and repeatedly organised by both external and internal actors. This article contends that treating the Middle East

Abdulla Al-Khazraji Guest Contributor   Download a PDF   English Abstract             From the US – Israeli war on Iran arises the peculiar case of Iraq. Although it has not officially entered the war, Iraq has been targeted by both sides. Already facing a political deadlock exemplified by the crisis over government formation, Baghdad is confronted with the seemingly unachievable task of maintaining Iraq’s neutrality during this war. The current escalation has already cast it

This essay shows religion isn't the direct cause of the Iran–Israel–U.S. war, but a political accelerant that sustains violence. It explores martyrdom & Mahdism in Iran, redemption & Purim analogies in Israel, and providential evangelicalism in the U.S. Offers a practical de-escalation idea.